Induction generator system



Jan. 26, 1960 A E, D, SM|TH INDUCTION GENERATOR SYSTEM 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Aug. 29. 1955 af? @im ATTORNEY Jan. 26, 1960 E. D. sMlTH INDUCTION GENERATOR SYSTEM Filed Aug. 29, 1955 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 w WSE NX NSN Aff czf? EL?. MM

ATTORNEY United States Patent() INDUCTION GENERTR SYSTEM Earl D. Smith, La Grange, Ill., assignor to General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Application August 29, 1955, Serial No. 531,223 Y 14 Claims.- l(Cl.v 290-40) This invention relates to electrical generator systems and more 'particularly to such systems employing a dynamo-electric machine of lthat type known as an induction generator.

. The induction generator, although it has been known for many years, has not attained any great degree of commercial acceptance. The commercial usage of the induction generator heretofore has been confined largely to central station operation in which it is supplied with excitation current from an external source, usually fron' parallel connected` alternators. The use of induction generators in isolated systems requires self-excitation, for example, by the use of exciting capacitors, and as a result is attended with an undesirable regulation characteristic. Consequently, the synchronous generator or alternator has taken preference in such systems over the induction generator.

` The induction generator, however, offers many attractive features not afforded by the alternator. The induction generator, in mechanical structure, may beidentical to an induction motor including the use of the Vsquirrel cage rotor construction. It requires no slip rings, commutator, or brushes and structural features for the support of a separate exciter machine are unnecessary.- Consequently, the induction generator is-of extremely rugged and inexpensive construction, suitable fora wide variety of operating conditions, and requires a minimum of maintenance. f

These features are very desirable in many applications requiring an isolated generator system. For example, the induction generator is highly'advantageous for service as the electrical power source of a railway refrigeration car. The electrical load in such an application comprises intermittently energized driving motors for the associated refrigeration compressors, fans and blowers and the generator is required to supply power vof relatively low lagging power factor. The generator is subjected to adverse and extreme variations of ambient yconditions and rugged construction is essential. In mobile installations of this type, theV reduction of maintenance time, `made possible by the elimination of brush-type contacts, is of great advantage.

=It is an object of this invention to provide an improved electrical generating system employing an induction generator. Y

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved alternating current generating system which does not require the use of brushes, 'slip rings, or cornmutators.

Itis a further object of this invention to provide a self-excited induction generator system in which the generator output is regulated to maintain a substantially constant value of volts per cycle.

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved method of operation of an induction generator. Another object of this invention is to provide a method of operation for an induction generator interconnected verator output and controlling the speed of the prime mover in accordance with this ratio. The prime mover speed is adjusted upon departure of this ratio from a predetermined value of voltage per cycle.

A more complete understanding of the invention may be had from the detailed description which follows taken with the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the in- Y' ventive system.

lFigure la is an enlarged view of a portion of Figure 1. Figure 2 illustrates typical characteristics of an induction generator showing line voltage as a function of speed.

Figure 3 illustrates typical characteristics of an induction generator showing the variation of voltage per cycle illustrative embodiment of the invention in an electrical generating Vsystem employing a self-excited induction generator. In general, the system comprises an induction generator 10 driven by a variable speed prime mover 12 for supplying electrical power to a typical load 14 and 14. Regulation of the electrical output of the generator 10 is provided by a voltage per cycle responsive relay, designated generally at 16, which operates through a power actuator 62 and variable speed governor 104 to adjust the speed control means 18 of the variable speed prime mover 12.

In greater detail, the induction generator 10 in the illustrative embodiment is of the polyphase type including Y-connected stator windings 20, 22, and 24. Output terminals 26, 28, and 30 are connected respectively to intermediate taps 21, 23, and 25 on the stator windings 20, 22, and 24. Self-excitation for the generator is provided by thek fixed capacitors 32, 34,- and 36 which'are connected across adjacent terminals of the stator wind` ings. The rotor 38, preferably of the squirrel cage wind-f! ing type, vis provided with a driving shaft 40 lto permit mechanical coupling with the prime mover 12.

The self-excited induction generator just described Willv develop an initially small value of terminal voltage upon4 rotation of the rotor because of the residual magnetic. iiux in the rotor and stator cores. The operation of the; induction generator requires an exciting or magnetizing; current which is of leading phase angle with respect tot the terminal voltage. This leading component of current in the stator windings is provided by the exciting capacitors when the rotor speed exceeds a certain value which is determined by the parameters of the machine and the value of the capacitors. At this value of speed the magnetic field is strongly reinforced and, in operation under no load, the terminal voltage developed by the stator windings will reach a value which may be represented graphically by the intersection of the no load excitation curve of the machine and the load line of the exciting capacitors. In Figure 2 the line voltage as a' function of speed for different conditions of load is illus-v trated. Upon increase in speed the terminal voltage will increase and the frequency will increase. Application of load to the machine causes the terminal voltage to decrease rather abruptly'resulting in an inherentlyfpoorf voltage regulation characteristic. `Since the frequency of j aninduction generatori-is,V directlyl .proportional tothe.'

.rotor speed minus Vtheslip creases with load, the frequency decreases with an 1ncreaseof load, assuming other conditions to remain fthe speed, and the slip speed insame..` f'TheSeE featuresI otb'ehavion 'are significant characteristicsonthe; inductionizgenerator.. f Y. f hel operation of auf induction; Vgeneratorl as aconstant voltage-constant; frequencyf'source is: not practical. with; out resort to -variahlerexcitation which; requires complex equipment. thatis undesirable inmany. applic ,ations.y Withi` fixedK excitation, regulation;.of'terminal voltage can he.l accomplished by varying rotor... speed with,` the result of variation` of; the frequency. of th.e.generator voltage..

Regulation to achieve.arconstantffrequency could be ac- COIllRlShQd. 'byy VaratiQuo. rotor` speed;.at..the expense;

'n of extreme variationjn;terminalvoltage. Either. voltage on frequency regulation is; therefore. unsuitable forV many types. O f. leed. apparatus.. y f

In accordance; with this inventionv the induction. generaton is. adapted to.; supply. lectrical. powe'r at a fixed ratio of voltage to frequency or volts per. cyclc. Regulation-of volts.; per 'Gl/Cle. found4v toY be. especially suitable l'acca-,89e

' spool valve 72 in a;dir.e.ction opposite the forceA exerted bythe armature 58. A damping spring 88 is interposed between the other end of spool valve 7'2 and the. plug 70 to retard motion of the spool valve in one direction and a similar damping spring 91 is interposed between a stop Y ring 92gon rod 80 and the plate 84 to retard motion 1nA the otherdirection. The valve-'cylinder V68fis provided with a fluid pressureinlet passagefQ-Vconnected with a suitable source of hydraulic pressure (not shown) and is provided with a fluidA outletV on exhaustlpassage. 9.*5. The

valve cylinder 64 defines a mainili'uid distributionpassage 92 extending into thecylinder 64 anda pair of restricted Y" distribution passages 9"4*and 96 `which are disposed on opposite sides of. they main. passage` and also extend into the cylinder 64. A piston 98 is disposed in the cylinder `64 and is energized by hydrauliclpressure supplied by control valve 66. A piston rod 100 extends through the cylinder cap 10.2. anchis'adapted..tofactuatelandi control ieri. generator eri-eration and very'desirablenom the 10aa Y standpoint-5. particulanlyinthe case (gf-load; devices of the electromagnetic type.. Sue asinduetion motors. it is well known that the.. ind .tien meter` eperates'te. developk a constant value of maximum torquewhen operated at e. Constant 'valueefyeltage perieyele.. This relation oetains because torque is a functionVV of'air gap ux and hence. magnetizing; currentrwhich varies Ydirectly with wlteae.andy inversely with; frequency..

VReferring againto Figure. l, the system for regulating` the. induction generator 10tofdevelop a constant value of. voltage per cycle will! be explained. Conductors 42 and d4,v are connected across the neutralypoint. 46 ofithe stator windingsy and the intermediate tap-21I ofgthe winding; 21.0.to deriveY a control voltage. This. control'l voltage,Y

whichy is proportional in amplitude andv equahin frequency tothe linevoltage developed across. the output terminals,` is applied to thervolts. per cycleresponsive relay 16at the input terminals 48 and 59 of anindnctive eneraizineveeil '52... The-relayfl, suitably meunteden a support orliousing member 56, is provided with lirnearlyv displaccable armature.v 58. p

`The` winding 52V lof the relay 16` isr preferably predominantlyinductivein characterV vso Vthat thcresistance of tlriejwinding'A constitutes only 'a small portion ofj the V'total impedance.r For explanatory purposes,Y it mayl be assumedihat the .resistance value isi negligible. in com# parisfonwith the.r value rof inductive re'actance.k Therev foreywhen kani alternating voltage is impressed; across the input terminals'. 48W and 5t).v the` current flow. through the winding is directly propoltional Yto. the; voltage-v arnpl'itudeand.inversely'proportionalto the frequency. Y As shown in. Figure. 4, the controlcurrent I in winding S2 iS an approximatelylinearfunctionrofpthe ratio of the line volts per, cycle,.E/f. Therefore, the force exerted on the armature ,58 of. relay52f is a direct function of.

thefvolts per Acycle developed. byV the generator Ystator windingsf In order to enhancethe. control' force developed by the` armature 5.8,.afpower. actuator or servo,. .designated` generally at,.62, is provided. Theservo 62 comprisesan hydraulic .cylinder .6 .4, suitably. VmountedY on the housing 576, and an associated. control'lvalve, designated generally'at 66., adapted'fr actuationbythe.armature 58. The controlvalve 66.7comprises avalvecylinder 68 .closed at aivariablespeed governor dcsignateigenerallycat 1&4;

i The governorflilfl-` may he of conventionaliconstruction of the type adapted to be adjusted for regulating thespeed of. aprime. mover-.to any desiredvalue.. `The governor, mounted'on housing A56 by. a pair of brackets 106: andk 10.8, includes a speed. control lever l110. which is pivotally supported by pin 113` on` thev governor.- housingl-lll. The speed. control'. lever 110 is. in engagement With-:piston,Y rod 1.00; for actuation thereby to reset, agovernor.

' Speeder V.spring 1116. The. Speeder. spring 116. is interposed between one arm of .the speed control lever 110 and one arrn112 of apower lever `120. .The power lever120'. is mounted forrotationwitha governor power shaft Y122 which is .connectedgto the .governor speed rc# i sponsive` mechanism 124 such -asfa conventional flyball arrangement adapted to produce a rotative-effort pro.- portional to speed. The speed responsivemechanism is mechanically ,coupled to prime' mover," 1"2.. by Y a'. shaft 125. It will be apparent that the .rotative `forceof the. power leverV 1240 :-.t ends to. compress thespng 11.6 againstlever 110-.until this forcepisbalanced bythes'pringforce. Thev rotativemotion of the powerfshaft 122 is transmittedy )to a dilerential'orcontrol lever 124 which is-.pivotall/. j

mounted on Ythe other y12.6 of the power leverfmti;

" and pivotally secured by pin 128. toa manual spiced. conone endby `athreaded plug 70. A vspool valve 72 is pro- Y vided withl spaced landsf'land 76 which define an annular chamber ther elztetween.Y rlfhe spool valve 72. isconrl nectedby thefrod; 801toA the. armature 58. The rod 80 extends throughethetthreaded. member 82, which closes theother endof the valvecylinder 68', and is journalled inf thel *support/plate;v 84; .forgreciprocatingmotion. Betweenv one .endf of the. spool valve 7-2l and inember- 82 is interposed' abias'spring 86S- which resiliently? urges the rack; The output'shaft 136 of the primev mover 122 is.

connected by appropriate vmechanical coupling to the shaftf40 of the inductor generator rotor 38..

In operation, assumethat the generator is startedunder. no loadand that the system is to be operated with the generator volts percycle ratio to be regulated at .a valueof4 (E/f.) 1. Thisy value corresponds to a particular value of control current, Irl', as. shown in Figue4 and to aprirne mover and generator speed of S1 as shownin Figure.

. During thestarting period and before thergenerator field has been built up,`no voltage is generated andthe control; current is zero. Tliereforemo force isexertedby the arma. ture 58"-and the spool valve `72 is in theV extreme left hand position under the influence of. bias spring 86. ln this position, .land 74 uncovc'r'srestricted passage.9.6.and. meiraeeeae 9.12 andfluid pressure-is admitted te' cylinder The 'piston9'8 displaces the speed control. lever dill) downwardly which increases the force'exertediby Speeder spring 116` causingrotation of the power lever 1120. This-:rotation displaces the controllever 124 and thercontrolflinkagerlsi in a directionto causetheospeed controll means 1*8'-.to' increasev they primetniover Wspeed"v As the speedis increased and thejge'neratoreldibuilds up, the ratio E/f increases causing the control currentI to increase and the armature58 pulls 'the valve '7 2 against the resistance `of bias spring v86 until land 74 closes the passage 92. The-speed continues to increase until it reaches the value S1 and the Vcontrol current reaches the value I1 and the valve land\74 cl oses the restricted passage 96. At this regulated speed S1 therdesired generator volts per cycle ratio (E/f)1 is achieved. lIn this condition the speeder spring 116 exerts a force through control lever 110`against the piston798 and a slight amount of oil leakage past the piston occurs permitting a slight decrease in the force exerted by Speeder spring 116. This permits the engine speed to be reduced causing a slight decrease in the generated voltage per cycle ratio E/ f. This decreases thel control current slightly, permitting the spool valve tok move to-the left uncovering Vthe restricted passage 96. Thus, additional oil pressure is introduced into cylinder 64 to reset the Speeder spring 116 and to -bring the prime mover and generator back up to speed.v This action is repetitive at a high rate causing slight fluctuation of lthe generated volts per cycle ratio about the regulated value. This iiuctuation is of such frequency and small value that it is not detrimental to the system operation.

Assume now that a load such as induction motor 14 is connected across the generator output terminals 26, 28 and 30. This loadcauses a decrease in engine speed land a .decrease in the value of the volts per cycle ratio. A corresponding decrease in the control current 4I occurs, causing the spool valve 72 and land 74 to move to the left and uncover restricted passage 96. If the change of load is suilciently large the main passage 92 will also be uncovered to permit a high rate'of correction of the departure from the regulated value. Overshooting during correction to the regulated value following a change of condition is prevented by coordinated action of the passages 92, 94, and 96 vand the damping springs 88 and 91. Upon a decrease in the generated volts per cycle, the bias spring 86 displaces the valve 76 to the left. When this displacement is just suicient to uncover restricted passage 96, the damping'spring 88 is engaged by the valve 72 and thus additional force is required for further displacement. This occurs only.upon a large decrease of generated volts per cycle in which case the land 74 is displaced suflciently to uncover the main passage 92 as well as restricted. passageA 96. The corrective action thus occurs at a much greater ratek during a large deviation from the regulated value. The result of the corrective action thus far describedis to increase the fluid pressure in cylinder 6,4 which displaces controllever 110 and increases the force exerted by speeder spring 116. The power lever 120 is rotated causing displacement of linkage 134 ina direction to increase engine speed to a value greater than S1. Thus, .the generated volts per cycle ratio is increased and the control current is increased to the value I1 corresponding to ythefdesired volts per cycle value (E/f)1. In thisy condition,- the force of bias spring 86 just balances the force exerted by the armature S8 so that the valve land 74 covers passages 92, 94, and 96. Under this condition of loa'd, a new operating speed is established. As described above, slight iluctuation about the regulated value `occurs for this condition.

Assuming that the load is increased to the full load value such as by connection of an additional motor'14, the regulating system will cause an vincrease of prime mover and generator speed in the manner described above to maintain the control current atthe value I1. This establishes the volts per cycle ratio .atthe-jprescribed"value of (E/f)1 and the operating speed is established at S2. If the load is decreased, the speed increases momentarily and the generated volts per cycle departs from the regulated value of (E/f)1. As a result the pull of armature 58 exceeds the force of spring 86 causing passage 94 to be uncovered by land 74 permitting exhaust of the pressure from cylinder 64 through exhaust passage 95. If the change of load is suflciently large the. retarding force of damping spring 91 will be overcome and main passage 92 will also be uncovered to permita high rate of correction of the departure from regulated value. The damping spring 91 operates in the samemanner as spring 88 to permit rapid correction during large deviation and slow correction during small deviation, upon a decrease of load.` The speed control lever thus moves upwardly to decrease the prime mover and generator speed to re-establish the regulated value of volts per cycle (E/f)1.

The description of this invention has been presented with reference to a particular embodiment and it is not to be construed in a limiting sense upon the scope of the invention. Many modifications and variations within the spirit and scope of the invention will now occur to those skilled in the art. For a definition of the invention, reference is made to the appended claims. l

I claim:

1. An electrical power system comprising a self-excited induction generator,y an electrical load connectible to the generator, a variable speed prime mover drivingly connected to the generator, a relay having its input means connected with the generator and being responsive to the ratio of the amplitude and frequency of the voltage generated thereby for developing at its output means a control quantity corresponding to said ratio, and speed control means for the prime mover connected with'the output means of the relay for maintaining the generated volts per cycle at a constant value.

2. An electrical power system comprising a variable speed prime mover, a self-excited induction generator driven by the prime mover, a lagging power factor load connectible to the generator for energization thereby, a relay having its input meansv connected with the generator and being responsive to the ratio `of the Vamplitude and frequency of the voltage generated thereby for developing at its output means a control quantity corresponding to said ratio, and speed control means for the prime mover actuated by the output means of the relay.

3. A regulating system for a self-excited induction generator comprising a variable speed prime mover drivingly connected to the generator, speed control means for the prime mover, and relay means electrically energized by the generator and connected to the speed control means, said relay means being adapted to produce a displacement of the controlmeans proportional to a change in the ratio of volts per cycle of the generator whereby the generator output is regulated to a constant Value of volts per cycle.

4. An electrical power system comprising a variable speed prime mover, a self-excited induction generator driven by the prime mover, an linduction motor electrically energized bythe generator, a relay having its input means connected with the generator and being responsive to the ratio of the amplitude and frequency of the voltage generated thereby for developing at its output means a control quantity corresponding to said ratio, and speed control means for the prime mover actuated by the output means of the relay whereby the induction motor is energized at a constant value of volts -per cycle.

5. In combination, a self-excited induction generator, an electrical load connected thereto, a variable speed prime mover drivingly connected to the generator, a relay including an armature and an inductive energizing winding being electrically connected to the generator whereby the armature exerts a force corresponding to the ratio of `the voltage amplitude and frequency of the generated voltage, a variable speed governor connected to the prime mover, and means connecting said armature to said governor whereby said governor is reset in response changes in load on the generator to maintain the voltage per cycle ratio of the generator at a constant value.

ernor connected to' the prime mover having a speed determining member actuated byrsaid, power output mem` ber, whereby the governori'sresetin" response to'changes in volts per cycle of "saidf generator;

7. electricalY power system comprising a variable speed prime mover, aA selff'excited vinductionv generator', driven by' ther prime mover, an electrical;loadenergized by the generator', a relay'having any inductive en ergiz f ing winding connected tov thefgerreratorandarr armature whereby the larmature exerts `a force corresponding to the ratio` of the voltage amplitude andfrequency, of athe generated voltage',` hydraulic servo means including 'aj control valve connected'for actuationby the varmature and a power'output piston, a variable speed4 governor including a speeder Vspring adapted to be reset by the. power output piston, andi speed control means mover connected tothe governor.

8. An electrical power system comprising a variable speedprime mover, aVYSelVf-excited induction generator driven by the prime mover,` anelectrical load'energi-zed by the generator and' subjectrto intermittent changes, a relayl having an inductive energizing winding connected to the generator' and an armature whereby theA armature exerts a force corresponding tothe ratio of the voltage amplitude and frequency of'the generated voltage, hy` draulic'lservo means including a .valve chamber' and'V a' movable control valve therein connected to said arma-y ture for displacement in one direction, a, vbi'asspring urging said valve in the other.direction,"a` hydraulic cylinder and a piston movable therein, thevalve chamber defining a main fluid passage anda pair of. restricted passages disposed on opposite sides thereoffcommunicating withthe' cylinder; said valve being normally positioned Vby said biasspring-and said Varmature to cover all' of said "passages,a' variable Yspeed governor Connected "to the prime mover lfor regulatingthe speediithereofjV speed control means on the governor actua-tedjfby saidpiston in response'to a load change* causingvdeparture ofthe generator voltsfperl cycle from a regulated value and-displacement ofsaid valve inAV either direction to uncoverfone of said restricted passages, and resilientv damping mea-ns preventing the displacementof said valve to uncover said main passage until'l thel ldeparture fromy the regulated i value exceeds a predetermined value. Y

`9. An electrical generatingsys'temmcomprising avariable'speed prime mover, a-self excitedpolyphase induction generator` driven by the, prime mover, the generator including Yeconnected stator windings; andY a squirrel-cage rotor, output terminals connected` acrossv intermediate taps on said,y windings and an excitingcapacitor connected across each set of adjacent winding terminals,

an induction motor. load connected across'the output terminals, a'relay havingfan armature andan inductive energizing Winding connected' across one of-` said output terminals andthe neutral; point of said windings where-V bythe armature exerts a force corresponding totheratio `of" the voltage amplitude and frequency of "the generated voltage, hydraulic servo meansjincluding a control valve connected for actuation by the'armature anda power out- Y engine. ,1

i n 12. In combination with analternating current" genfor.l the prime erator, a variable speed prime mover drivingfly connectedV 10. A generatorsystem comprising an inductiongenerator, a prime mover 1rdrivingly connected' to the generator, a relay havingits input'riieans electrically connectedv with the generatorvand being responsive to the ratio of thejamplitude and frequency of the voltage generated thereby for developing at its output means a conjtrol quantity corresponding to said ratio, and speed control means for the primermover connected with said output meansv and responsive to said control quantity for adjusting thevspeed of said prime mover. v

11. A generator system comprising a self-excited` induction generator, a variable speed internal combustion enginefdrivingly Vconnected to the generator, a relay hav'-V ing its input means electricallyrconnected with the generator and being responsive to theratio ofthe amplitude and frequency ofthe voltage generated thereby for developingat its output means a controlV quantity corresponding'to said ratio, speed control means forpthe'engine connected with said output means and responsive to said control quantity 'for regulating the speed 'of said to the generator, a relay having itsfinput means connected with'the'generator and being responsiveto theratio of the amplitude and frequency of the voltagejgener'ated thereby for developing at its output means a control quantity ycorresponding torsaid'ratio, speedcontrol meansV fer the'prime mover connected with said output `means and responsive to. said controljquantity for regulating the speed4 of saidprime mover to' maintain said ratio at, a constant value. Y L p 13.v The methodofoperating a self-excited' induction generator comprising imparting rotation to the rotor, deriving a controlvoltag'el proportional'in amplitude andv equal in frequency to the outputvoltagefof thev generator, deriving from the'v control voltage an electrical signal proportional in magnitude to the ratio ofthev amplitude and frequency ofthe control voltage, developing a displacement corresponding to the magnitude of the said electrical signal, and adjusting the rotation speed of the ro'- torA in accordance with saidl displacement whereby said ratio of amplitude land frequency is maintained at a con-V developing a displacementA corresponding to the vmagnitude of said force, and adjusting rotational Yspeed of the rotor i in accordancewithl the vmagnitude of f saidV displacement whereby said|` ratio ofamplitrudeandfrequency is maintained at-'a constant value. i Y

'References- Cited' in; the ,file of` this. patent UNITED STATES PATENTSv 1,584,602v Bradshaw eral. v 1. v May ,11, 1926V 2,625,660.- Lyne; i Jan. 173, 1953 i i. EQREIGN PATENTS Y227,832 oreatnritaincc anciana-'2.2, 1925v UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE 0E CORRECTION Patent No. .2,922,895 January 265I 1960 Earl D. Smith It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of' the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should readas corrected below.

Column ,L line 12,.l for "fgeneratorWread generated du5 column 4v line 56, for "nductor" read lnductlon Signed and sealed this 16th day of August 1960.

(SEAL) Attest:

KARL I-I. AXLINE ROBERT C. WATSON Attesting Ocer Commissioner of Patents UNITED STATES PATENT oEFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No., 292.2895 January 26,q 1960 Earl D. Sm th It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.

Column 3, line 12,.v for "generator". read generated me; Column 4v. line 56 for "inductor" read induction n,

Signed and sealed this 16th day of August 1960.,

(SEAL) Attest:

KARL H., AXLINE ROBERT C. WATSON Attesting Ofoer Commissioner of Patents 

